COMPUTER:-
Ø :-computer is an electronic device, which use for arithmetical and logical unit.
Ø (INPUT DEVICE)=(CPU)=(OUTPUT DEVICE).
Ø TASK OF COMPUTER:-
Ø There are three task of computer:-
1. INPUT INSTRUCTION:- This task performed by input devices like keyboard,mouse,monitor etc.
2. PRCESSED INPUT INSTRUCTION:- This task performed by CPU.
3. GIVE FINAL RESULT:- PERFORMED BY O/P DEVICES LIKE MONITOR &PRINTER.
THERE ARE 2 TYPE OF PROCESSOR:-
1. INTEL(Integrated electronics)
2. AMD( advance micro devices)
Ø Intel:- Pentium 1,2,3,4,dual core, core 2 dual.
Ø AMD:- Duron,turon,athelon,dual core.
MOTHERBOARD:-
1. It is the mainboard which provide base for all devices used in CPU.
2. It also provide interface for all devices like keyboard,mouse etc.
There are three types of motherboard:-
1) :-Intel original:- (chipsset+motherboard) of Intel
2) :-Intel chipset:- (chipset intel+ motherboard other)
Other compney MOTHER BOARD:- ASROCK,GIGABYTE,HP,ASUS etc.
3):-Non Intel chipset:- (chipset+M.B) of other.
Other compney chipset-VIA,SIS,ATI.
HARD DISK:-THIS IS THE PERMANENT DEVICE FIXED IN THE COMPUTER.
Ø TYPES OF HARD DISK:- SATA,PATA,SCSI.
PORT OF CPU:-
I. VGA PORT: - The socket on the back of a PC that used to connect a monitor.this is the 15 pin female connector.
II. LPT PORT: - (LINE PRINT TERMINAL):- also called printer code or parallel code use for printer .25 pin female connector.
III. COMMUNICATION PORT:- (COM 1 & COM 2):- Use in printer,modem,serial mouse,mono monitor etc.
9 pin male connector.
IV. USB PORT (universal serial bus port):- For USB devices like pendrive,card reader,usb printer, external device etc.
Data transfer speed 480 mbps.
V. LAN PORT :- Used for networking or internal use.
MEMORY UNIT ON YHE BASE OF STORAGE:-
Memory unit area of computer where data an instruction can be stored in its permanent or temporary form.
On the base of storage there are two type of memory.
On the base of storage there are two type of memory.
1. Volatile memory/online memory.
2. Non volatile memory memory/offline memory.
Difference between Permanent memory & Temprary memory.
v PERMANENT MEMORY:-
v Does not require electricity to store data.
v Offline /non volatile memory.
v Ex- hard disk.
v TEMPRARY MEMORY:-
v Stored data & instruction till they recieve the electricity when electricity cut then data loss.
v Online /volatile memory.
v Ex-RAM, CACHE memory.
Memory unit (on the base of working):-
Primary memory:-
Primary memory is faster to access because it is wired directly to theprocessor. It is used by the system to perform operations while programs are running.
Examples are cache, RAM, and ROM.
Content in the primary memory lost once the computer system is turned off.
Secondry memory:-
Secondary memory is usually somewhat slower and is used for permanent storage of
information. Examples are hard disks, floppy disks, DVDs, flash memory, etc.
Content in the secondary memory remains intact even if the computer system is turned off.
information. Examples are hard disks, floppy disks, DVDs, flash memory, etc.
Content in the secondary memory remains intact even if the computer system is turned off.
BIT:- A bit is a binary digit,the smallest increment of data on a computer.
A bit can hold only two digit 0 to 1.
Measurement unit of data:-
1 nibble = 4 bit.
1 byte = 8 bit.
1 KB = 1024 byte.
1 MB = 1024 KB.
1 GB = 1024 MB.
1 TB = 1024 GB.
1 PB (PETA BYTE) = 1024 TB.
1 EB (EXA BYTE) = 1024 PB.
1 ZB (ZETTA BYTE) = 1024 EB.
1 YB (YOTTA BYTE) =1024 ZB.ü RAM (Random access memory ):-
RAM is the type of primary memory used by processing unit to hold data and instruction.
It also called online memory because it hold data and instruction till receive electricity.
RAM is the capacitor based memory which used to store electric charge. it means data store in RAM in the form of electric charge.
RAM is much faster to read and write data than other kinds of storage like hard disk, floppy disk, CD Rom.
ü Types of RAM :-
ü S RAM.(static random access memory)
ü D RAM (dynamic random access memory)
ü Difference between Static RAM & Dynamic RAM:-
Ø SRAM :-
1. Stores bits in memory cells composed of flip flops.
2. Each cell which can store a single bit requires six transistors.
3. Does not need to be refreshed periodically as flips flops retain the data.
4. Faster access time compared to DRAM, therefore used as caches mostly.
5. Low density/less memory per chip due to more circuitry required for a single cell.
6. More power consumption than DRAM because of low chip density.
7. More costly in terms of cost per bit compared to DRAM due to low chip density.
Ø DRAM :-
1. Memory cells are composed of capacitors and transistors. 2. Each cell requires a capacitor (which stores bit as charge) & a transistor.
3. Needs to be refreshing every few milliseconds to retain data because the charge of the capacitor leaks.
4. Slower access time compared to SRAM as it cannot be read while being refreshed.
5. High chip density/more memory per chip compared to SRAM due to less circuitry for a single cell.
6. Less power consumption than SRAM because of simple circuitry.
7. Less costly than SRAM because of high chip density and therefore used as main memory in PCs.
Memory module:- when many memory chips solded on a single circuit board then this combination is called memory module. All types of DRAM in memory module:-1. DIP TYPE MEMORY MODULE.
2. SIPP TYPE MEMORY MODULE.
3. SIMM TYPE MEMORY MODULE.
4. RIMM TYPE MEMORY MODULE.
5. DIMM TYPE MEMORY MODULE.
DIP(dual in line package) type memory module:-
1. IC base
2. Used on to socket.
SIMM( Single in line memory module):-
This is the 2 type:-
i. 30 PIN SIMM
ii. 72 PIN SIMM
iii. EDO = extented data out.
iv. Slot = SIMM slot.
Used in :- 286,386,486,pentium based machine.
DIMM meory module:-
Type:-
1. SD RAM.
2. DDR SD RAM.
3. DDR2 SD RAM.
4. DDR3 SD RAM.
SD (synchronus dynamic DIMM):-
RAM = SD RAM
USED = PENTIUM 1/2/3/4 based motherboard.
SLOT = dimm slot.
CUT = 1 middle,1 middle side.
TOTAL = 168 pin (84 both side).
Storage capacity = 32MB,64,128,256 MB.
FSB( front side bus) = 66/100/133/ mhz.
DDR( double data rate) SD DIMM:-
Work just double speed of SD RAM.
USED = PENTIUM 4 based and latest machine.
SLOT = DDR dimm slot.
CUT = 1 middle side.
TOTAL = 184 pin (92 both side).
Storage capacity = 512MB,1GB,2GB.
FSB( front side bus) = 266/333/400/ mhz.
DDR2 SD RAM:-
USED = IN latest motherboard.
SLOT = DDR2 dimm slot.
CUT = 1 middle side right.
TOTAL = 240 pin
Storage capacity = 1GB,2GB,4GB.
FSB( front side bus) = 533/667/800 mhz.
DDR3 SD RAM:-
USED = IN latest motherboard.
SLOT = DDR3 dimm slot.
CUT = 1 middle side Left.
TOTAL = 240 pin
Storage capacity = 2GB,4GB.
FSB( front side bus) = 1033/1333 mhz.
Hard disk:- It is type of secondry memory used to store data in permanent form.
Component of HDD:-
I. Disk platter.
II. Spindle motor.
III. R/W (read/ write) head.
IV. Head arm (slider)
VII. Logic board /card.
Disk platter:- it is the mainley used to store data in magnetic form.
Spindle motor:- it is used to move disk platter. The platter is composed of 2 basic layer,a glass or aluminium substrate and magnetic media coating.
RPM:- 5400, 7200.
R/W HEAD:- used to store or read data form HDD platter.
If any HDD have 2 disk platter then 4 R/W head will be used.
Head arm:- Its main use to move R/W head.
Head actuator:- it moves head slider.
1. Stepper motor actuator :-A gear based system to move R/W head.
2. Voice coil actuator:- coil,s high magnet used.
Filter:-
a) Air circulating filter:- filter internal air in the HDD.
b) Breathe filter:- it use for balancing air internal and outer air pressure.
c) Logic board:- it control all section of HDD and provide interface for data cable and power connector.
Types of HDD:-
1. IDE:- (integrated device electronics). IDE drivers are also known as PATA(parallel advance technology attachment) drivers.
IDE drivers have 40 pins data interface.
Tarnsfer speed 133MB/SEC.
2. SATA:- Serial technology attchment.
It is the advance virsion of PATA. SATA drives have useally 7 pin interface for sending and receving data 3 pin connector.
Transfer rate 300 MB/S.
SATA 1.0:- 150 MB/S
SATA 2.0:- 300 MB/S
SATA3.0:-450 MB/S
SATA cables are used to connect SATA HDD only one drive can be connected in a single SATA cable.
3. SCSI:- small computer system interface. It is pronounced as scuzzy. It also known as scuzzy HDD.
We can connect SCSI HDD by using Sscsi adapter.
SCSI cable is used to connect SCSI HDD. IN 1 SCSI cable all can connect max 15 HDD.
Compney name:- samsung,wd,segate,hittachi.
4. SAS:- serial attachment SCSI.
Ø The table below summarises the main methods of data storage.
Method | Commentary |
Hard disks | Often called a disk drive, hard drive or hard disk drive, this method of data storage stores and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data. The information is stored on electromagnetically charged surfaces called 'platters'. |
Floppy disks | A floppy disk is a type of magnetic disk memory which consists of a flexible disk with a magnetic coating. Almost all floppy disks for personal computers now have a capacity of 1.44 megabytes. Floppy disks are readily portable, and are very popular for transferring software from one PC to another. They are, however, very slow compared to hard disks and lack storage capacity. Increasingly, therefore, computer manufacturers are not including floppy disk drives in the products as a built-in storage option. |
Tape storage | Tape is used as an external storage medium. It consists of a loop of flexible celluloid-like material that can store data in the form of electromagnetic charges. A tape drive is the device that positions, writes from, and reads to the tape. A tape cartridge is a protectively-encased tape that is portable. |
Optical disks | An optical disc is a storage medium that can be written to and read using a low-powered laser beam. A laser reads these dots, and the data is converted to an electrical signal, finally converted into the original data. |
CD-R | Compact Disc-Recordable ("CD-R") discs have become a universal data storage medium worldwide. CD-Rs are becoming increasingly popular for music recording and for file storage or transfer between personal conmputers. CDR discs are write-once media. This means that - once used -they cannot be erased or re-recorded upon. CD-R discs can be played back in any audio CD player or CD-ROM drive, as well as many DVD players and drives. |
CD-RW | Compact Disc-Rewritable (CD-RW) disks are rewritable and can be erased and re-recorded upon over and over again. CD-RW discs can only be used on CD players, CD-ROM drives, and DVD players and drives that are CD-RW playback-compatible. |
DVD | A DVD (Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc) is a high density optical disc with large capacity for storage of data, pictures and sound. The capacity capacity is 4.7 GB for single sided, singe layer DVD disc - which is approximately 7 times larger than that of a compact disc. |
ROM(READ ONLY MEMORY):-
ROM available on to motherboard which contain a program called BIOS.
It is not completely hardware are not completely software.
It is a combination of hardware and software therefore it is called firmware.
ROM chip generated n address for each device. so that processor can use. This address is called IRQ(interrupt request) address.
Types of ROM:-
1. PROM
2. EPROM
3. EEROM
Ø PROM:- Programmed by the manufacture. But its programme can not be erased.
Ø EPROM:- It is also a type of PROM. But its programme can be erased by ultraviolet rays.
A special type device EPROM is used to erased its programme.
Ø EEROM:- It does not effect by ultarvoilet rays.
Its programme can be erased electrically therefore it is known FLASH ROM OR FLASH BIOS.
BIOS:- It stands for basic i/p and o/p system.it is the inbuilt program into ROM chip.
It provides interaction between software(os) and hardware.
Bios perform 2 task:-
1. Post(power on self test) process.
2. Booting process.
O.S(operating system):- it is a system software which provide the platform of the user. That is called O.S.
vDOS (disk operating system):- there are different types of dos.
Step 4:- setup from HDD.
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vDOS (disk operating system):- there are different types of dos.
ü Windows 3.1
ü Windows 95
ü Windows 98
ü Windows millennium
ü Windows 2000 server
ü Windows XP (sp1,sp2,sp3)
ü Windows 2003 server
ü Windows vista
ü Windows 2008 server
ü Windows 7
Command<space>/? :- show the work of command.
CLS:- for clear screen.
Exit:- end program.
MD (make directory) command:- MD<space>dir name.
CD (change directory) command:- CD<space>dir name.
RD (remove directory):- RD<space> /s<space>/q dir name.
Where /s:- remove all sub directory
Where /q:- do not ask for remove.
Tree command:- (graphically display the folder stracture oof a drive or path.) [ Tree<space>dir name]
Dir command:-display the list of files and directory.
Dir<space>/p (display page wise directory).
Dir<space>/w (display dir in wide format).
Dir<space>/ad (show only dir)
Dir<space>/a-d (show only files)
Dir<space>/ah (show only hidden files drive)
Dir<space>a-h (show that are not hidden files)
Dir<space>ar (show read only files)
Dir<space>a-r (show that are not read only files).
Copy con command:- use to create files.
Copy con<space>file name
For save the copy con file:- ctrl+z or f6 then press enter.
Type command :- display the content of a text file.
Type<space>file name
Edit command:- to edit any file.
File save :- alt+f+s. file exit:- alt+f+x.
Del command:- delete any file.
Del<space>file name.
Copy command:- copy one or more file another location.
Copy<space>source path<space>destination path.
Attrib command:- change file attributes.
R=read only attributes.
H=hidden attributes.
S=system file attributes.
+ =set attributes.
- =clear attributes.
Attrib<space>+h<space>+r<space>+s<space>dir name.[for doing hidden folder.]
Attrib<space>-h<space>-r<space>-s<space>dir name .[to show the hidden folder.]
Xcopy command:- copy all files or folder.
/s=copy all files & dir expect empty.
/e=copy all files & dir including empty.
Xcopy<space>sourcepath<space>\*.*/e<space>destination path.
Color<space>/? Then press enter key.
Batch file:- use to run any program creates by using notepad.
Extension:- .bat , .cmd
Shut down<space>-s windows shut down.
Shut down<space>-a abort shut down process.
Shut down<space>-r restart.
Shut down<space>-l log off.
Shut down<space>-t time in second.
Shut down<space>-c for comment.
Shutdown<space>-s<space>-t<space>00<space>-c<space> type comment.
Echo command:-display message or turns command echoing on or off.
Echo<space>off:- do not display command or cmd prmt.
Echo<space>on:- display command.
Echo. :- use for line spacing.
Echo<space>message:- display msg cmd prmt.
Pause:- display msg “press any to continue”.
Exit:- closed all batch file.
Title<space> name:- display the title.
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How to delete &create partition.plz show this video.
Post process:- this process run when we start complete.
Ø In this BIOS test all hardware devices that it working properly or not.
Ø During post process BIOS found problem with any device then it generate an error message in to post screen or generate a beep code.
Ø After complete post processing perform booting process.
ü How to boot your system from bootable disc (CD) award bios setting.
Ø Step 1:- restart computer and press F2/del key.
Ø Step 2:- go in to advance BIOS features.
Ø Step 3:- set CD ROM in the first boot-drive.
Ø Step 4:- press F10 key to save BIOS setting.
FDISK Utility:- Fdisk is an external command. Fdisk command is used to create , delete, partition, display partition information and display partition information.
Partition using FDISK utility:-
1. A:\>FDISK(enter).
2. Boot from 98 windows CD.
3. Do you wish to enable large disk support (y/n)…[y].
4. Note:- press y = partition size more than 2 GB.
File system = FAT32.
Press n = partition size = 2GB
File system = FAT16
5. Fdisk option.
1) Create partition.
2) Active partition.
3) Disk delete partition.
4) Display partition information.
Enter choice [1]
1) Create DOS partition:-
2) Create primary DOS partition.
3) Create extended DOS.
4) Create logical DOS drive in the extended DOS partition.
Enter choice [1]
Create primary DOS partition:-
Current fixed fdisk drive: 1
Do you wish to use the maximum available size for primary DOS partition and make the partition active(Y/N)….[N]
File system (FAT/NTFS):-
File system is the logical stracture of HDD partition .which convert data from its physical form to logical form and logical to physical form.
There are 2 types:-
FAT:- file allocation table .
FAT16:- up to supported 2 GB.
FAT32:- up to supported 2-32 GB.
NTFS:- new technology file system, more than 32 GB.
Formatting:- formatting is the process which create logical stracture of the HDD. It also create file system of the HDD partition.
Windows 98 installation:-
Requirement for win98 installation:-
Ø One partition or FAT32 file system.
Ø Partition must be active.
Win 98 installation from setup method (CD):-
Ø Step 1:-Boot from win98 CD.
Ø Step 2:- CDROM=drive H:=Driver MSCD001.
Ø Step 3:- boot order=A:\>H: (press enter)
Ø Step 4:- H:\>cd windows (enter)
Ø Step 5:- H:\windows>cd win98se (press enter).
Ø Step 6:- H:\windows\win98se\setup (press enter).
Ø Step 7:- to continue press enter.
Ø Step 8:- to continue press ESC.
Win 98 installation from setup method (HDD):-
Ø Step 1:-Boot your system from win98 CD.
Ø Step 2:- make dir in to c:{ CD drive H:=mscd001}
{A:\>md c:\win98}
Ø Step 3:- copy 98 file from CD to HDD
{ c:\>H:( enter)}.
{H:\>cd windows (enter)}
{H:\>windows\cd win98 (enter)} {H:\>windows\win98>copy(space).(space)c:\win98 (enter)}
102 file (s) copied.
{H:\windows\win98se (enter).}
{ H:\wiindows\win98se>c: (enter) }
{ C:\cd win98se (enter) }
{ C:\win98se\setup (enter) }.
Aug 3, 2011 (4 days ago)
Debug command To delete Partition.
Note-use this utility when *remote* partition does not remove from FDISK Utility.
STEP1- Boot from Windows 98 Bootable CD.
STEP2- type debug command and after then type following commands as given below:-F 220 L1000 0 (ENTER)
-A CS: 100 (ENTER)
xxxx:0100 MOV AX,301 (ENTER)
xxxx:0103 MOV BX,200 (ENTER)
xxxx:0106 MOV CX,1 (ENTER)
xxxx:0109 MOV DX,80 (ENTER) <---"80" for hd1, "81" for hd2 >
xxxx:010C INT 13 (ENTER)
xxxx:010E INT 20 (ENTER)
xxxx:0110 (ENTER) <-------BLANK LINE "VERY IMPORTANT" >
-G (ENTER)
Program terminated normally
- (CTRL)-(ALT)-(DEL) to reboot system.
-A CS: 100 (ENTER)
xxxx:0100 MOV AX,301 (ENTER)
xxxx:0103 MOV BX,200 (ENTER)
xxxx:0106 MOV CX,1 (ENTER)
xxxx:0109 MOV DX,80 (ENTER) <---"80" for hd1, "81" for hd2 >
xxxx:010C INT 13 (ENTER)
xxxx:010E INT 20 (ENTER)
xxxx:0110 (ENTER) <-------BLANK LINE "VERY IMPORTANT" >
-G (ENTER)
Program terminated normally
- (CTRL)-(ALT)-(DEL) to reboot system.
